Answer:
What is a p-value?What does the p-value mean in words?

In null hypothesis significance testing the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis …

Misuse of p-values is common in scientific research and scientific education. p-values are often used or interpreted incorrectly; the American Statistical Association states that p-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model. From a Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing approach to statistical inferences the data obtained by comparing the p-value to a significance level will yield one of two results: either the null hypothesisis rejected (which however does not prove that the nul…

The p-value for the permutation test is the proportion of the r values generated in step (2) that are larger than the Pearson correlation coefficient that was calculated from the original data. Here "larger" can mean either that the value is larger in magnitude or larger in signed value depending on whether a two-sided or one-sided test is desired.

In statistical hypothesis testing a result has statistical significance when it is very unlikely to have occurred given the null hypothesis. More precisely a study's defined significance level denoted by α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis given that the null hypothesis was assumed to be true; and the p-value of a result p {\displaystyle p} is the probabi...