Answer: increases
Negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.
Much behavior is not reinforced every time it is emitted and the pattern of intermittent reinforcement strongly affects how fast an operant response is learned what its rate is at any given time and how long it continues when reinforcement ceases. The simplest rules controlling reinforcement are continuous reinforcement where every response is reinforced and extinction where no response is reinforced. Between these extremes more complex "schedules of reinforcement" specify the rules that determine …
Operant behavior is said to be "emitted"; that is initially it is not elicited by any particular stimulus. Thus one may ask why it happens in the first place. The answer to this question is like Darwin's answer to the question of the origin of a "new" bodily structure namely variation and selection. Similarly the behavior of an individual varies from moment to moment in such aspects as the specific motions involved the amount of force applied or the timing of the response. Variations that lead to reinforcemen...
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